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...ptimised in large international collaborations, there is no such structure for theoretical activities. ...scuss the challenges that the field meets currently and in the near future for creating a vibrant, innovative and world- leading pan-European research env

...l, and effective theories describing phenomena in [[solid-state physics]]. For instance, the [[BCS theory]] of [[superconduction]] treats vibrations of th

...s and pressures, known as the [[ideal gas law]], which is roughly accurate for weakly polar gases at low pressures and moderate temperatures. This equatio ...e can be helpful to determine the state of the flow regime, the parameters for handling the [[reservoir fluids]], and pipe sizing.

...quark–gluon plasma]] (QGP).<ref>See ''"Hadrons and quark-gluon plasma"'' for example.</ref> ...|first4=Joonas|last5=Vuorinen|first5=Aleksi|date=2020-06-01|title=Evidence for quark-matter cores in massive neutron stars|url=https://www.nature.com/arti

...(geometric integral), from which [[Wilson loop]] values can be calculated for closed paths. ...st3=Bicudo | first3=P. | title=Lattice QCD computation of the color fields for the static hybrid quark-gluon-antiquark system, and microscopic study of th

For times <math>t</math> that are greater than the correlation time of the fluc ...ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_viscosity bulk viscosity], are important for the description of fireball expansion in heavy-ion collisions.

In string theory, a separate Hagedorn temperature can be defined for strings rather than hadrons. This temperature is extremely high (10<sup>30< ...soning was well known to be false even to Hagedorn. The partition function for creation of hydrogen–antihydrogen pairs diverges even more rapidly, becau

...model for the description of the initial stage of a heavy-ion collisions. For the average quantities it can be formulated as optical Glauber model. In si

...[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s, proposed by [[Richard Feynman]]. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a '''parton shower''') produced fro }}</ref> Any hadron (for example, a [[proton]]) can be considered as a composition of a number of po

{{For|the academic journal|Magnetohydrodynamics (journal)}} ...= 3805| pages = 405–406 | doi=10.1038/150405d0| s2cid = 4072220 }}</ref> for which he received the [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics in 1970.

...r N.|last2= Karlin |first2= Ilya V. |date=2005 |title= Invariant Manifolds for Physical and Chemical Kinetics|url= https://www.academia.edu/17378865| loca ...particle in the fluid but rather by considering a probability distribution for the position and momentum of a typical particle—that is, the [[probabilit

...rst1=R. Hanbury|last2=Twiss|first2=R.Q.|title=A new type of interferometer for use in radio astronomy|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]|volume=45|issue=3 ...y [[Roy J. Glauber]], who was awarded the 2005 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his contribution to the quantum theory of [[Coherence (physics)|optical coh

...which is otherwise rarely made. Similar considerations are at present made for the heavier [[charm quark|charm]] flavor, which is made at the beginning of ...nse environment, in which quarks and gluons may interact as free particles for brief moments. The collisions happened at such extreme velocities that the

...of a fourth quark had been speculated by a number of authors around 1964 (for instance by [[James Bjorken]] and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]]<r ...Glashow is quoted as saying, "We called our construct the 'charmed quark', for we were fascinated and pleased by the symmetry it brought to the subnuclear

...hanism in a QGP. The effect of jet quenching in QGP is the main motivation for studying jets as well as high-momentum particle spectra and particle correl