Difference between revisions of "Parton distribution functions"

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(Created page with "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics)#Parton_distribution_functions Parton distribution functions] can be changed if nuclei collide instead of protons.")
 
 
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics)#Parton_distribution_functions Parton distribution functions] can be changed if nuclei collide instead of protons.
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{{short description|Model in particle physics}}
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In [[particle physics]], the '''parton model''' is a model of [[hadron]]s, such as [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s, proposed by [[Richard Feynman]]. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a '''parton shower''') produced from [[QCD]] processes and interactions in high-energy particle collisions.
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==Model==
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[[File:Parton scattering.PNG|thumb|250px| The scattering particle only sees the valence partons. At higher energies, the scattering particles also detects the sea partons.]]
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Parton showers are simulated extensively in Monte Carlo [[event generator]]s, in order to calibrate and interpret (and thus understand) processes in collider experiments.<ref>Davison E. Soper, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JrKIMbwEl4YJ:www.phys.psu.edu/~cteq/schools/summer09/talks/Soper1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiyBbiaJiSgY045z3NIZYG5aDzrh5SpSCRS0cxdxkDawW8zsXyhDZqLN2ReCKPfHC2Eqna6jlf-cWAtG5e9LkAxHfcn9tx-pcuPxL2fukN_mRnwk2JeF43jTM1WxZjWVqHgZTXn&sig=AHIEtbQo8ZGoenn0I44T3p4HzIMDkDrsIg The physics of parton showers]. Accessed 17 Nov 2013.</ref> As such, the name is also used to refer to algorithms that approximate or simulate the process.
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===Motivation===
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The parton model was proposed by [[Richard Feynman]] in 1969 as a way to analyze high-energy hadron collisions.<ref name="feynman">
 +
{{cite conference
 +
|last=Feynman |first=R. P.
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|year=1969
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|title=The Behavior of Hadron Collisions at Extreme Energies
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|book-title=High Energy Collisions: Third International Conference at Stony Brook, N.Y.
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|pages=237–249
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|publisher=[[Gordon & Breach]]
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|isbn=978-0-677-13950-0
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}}</ref> Any hadron (for example, a [[proton]]) can be considered as a composition of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons".  The parton model was immediately applied to [[electron]]-[[proton]] [[deep inelastic scattering]] by [[James Bjorken|Bjorken]] and [[Emmanuel Anthony Paschos|Paschos]].<ref name="bjorken">
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{{cite journal
 +
|title=Inelastic Electron-Proton and γ-Proton Scattering and the Structure of the Nucleon
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|year=1969
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|last1=Bjorken |first1=J.
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|last2=Paschos |first2=E.
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|journal=[[Physical Review]]
 +
|volume=185 |issue=5 |pages=1975–1982
 +
|bibcode=1969PhRv..185.1975B
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|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.185.1975
 +
}}</ref>
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===Component particles===
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A hadron is composed of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons".  Later, with the experimental observation of [[Bjorken scaling]], the validation of the [[quark model]], and the confirmation of [[asymptotic freedom]] in [[quantum chromodynamics]], partons were matched to [[quark]]s and [[gluon]]s. The parton model remains a justifiable approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the years.{{who|date=August 2018}}
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Just as accelerated electric charges emit QED radiation (photons), the accelerated coloured partons will emit QCD radiation in the form of gluons. Unlike the uncharged photons, the gluons themselves carry colour charges and can therefore emit further radiation, leading to parton showers.<ref>[[Bryan Webber]] (2011). [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Parton_shower_Monte_Carlo_event_generators Parton shower Monte Carlo event generators.] Scholarpedia, 6(12):10662., revision #128236.
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* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402235841/http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Parton_shower_Monte_Carlo_event_generators |date=2013-04-02 }}</ref><ref>*[http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=0&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=49675 Parton Shower Monte Carlo Event Generators.]  Mike Seymour, MC4LHC EU Networks’ Training Event
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May 4th – 8th 2009.</ref><ref>*[http://www.stfc.ac.uk/PPD/resources/pdf/Krauss_08_Pheno_5.pdf Phenomenology at collider experiments. Part 5: MC generators] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703153443/http://www.stfc.ac.uk/PPD/resources/pdf/Krauss_08_Pheno_5.pdf |date=2012-07-03 }}, Frank Krauss. HEP Summer School 31.8.-12.9.2008, RAL.</ref>
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===Reference frame===
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{{see also|DGLAP}}
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The [[hadron]] is defined in a [[frame of reference|reference frame]] where it has infinite momentum—a valid approximation at high energies. Thus, parton motion is slowed by [[time dilation]], and the hadron charge distribution is [[Length contraction|Lorentz-contracted]], so incoming particles will be scattered "instantaneously and incoherently".{{cn|date=August 2018}}
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Partons are defined with respect to a physical scale (as probed by the inverse of the momentum transfer).{{clarify|date=August 2018}} For instance, a quark parton at one length scale can turn out to be a superposition of a quark parton state with a quark parton and a gluon parton state together with other states with more partons at a smaller length scale. Similarly, a gluon parton at one scale can resolve into a superposition of a gluon parton state, a gluon parton and quark-antiquark partons state and other multiparton states. Because of this, the number of partons in a hadron actually goes up with momentum transfer.<ref>{{cite journal | author = G. Altarelli and G. Parisi | title = Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language | journal = Nuclear Physics  | volume = B126 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–318 | year = 1977 | doi= 10.1016/0550-3213(77)90384-4| bibcode = 1977NuPhB.126..298A }}</ref> At low energies (i.e. large length scales), a baryon contains three valence partons (quarks) and a meson contains two valence partons (a quark and an antiquark parton). At higher energies, however, observations show ''sea partons'' (nonvalence partons) in addition to valence partons.<ref name="DrellYan">
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{{cite journal
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|last1=Drell |first1=S.D.
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|last2=Yan |first2=T.-M.
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|s2cid=16827178
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|year=1970
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|title=Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies
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|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
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|volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=316–320
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|bibcode=1970PhRvL..25..316D
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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.316
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}}
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::And ''erratum'' in {{cite journal
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|last1=Drell |first1=S. D.
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|last2=Yan |first2=T.-M.
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|year=1970
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|title=none
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|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
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|volume=25 |issue=13 |page=902
 +
|bibcode=1970PhRvL..25..902D
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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.902.2
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|osti=1444835
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}}</ref>
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 +
==History==
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 +
The parton model was proposed by [[Richard Feynman]] in 1969, used originally for analysis of high-energy collisions.<ref name="feynman" />
 +
It was applied to [[electron]]/[[proton]] [[deep inelastic scattering]] by [[James Bjorken|Bjorken]] and Paschos.<ref name="bjorken" />
 +
Later, with the experimental observation of [[Bjorken scaling]], the validation of the [[quark model]], and the confirmation of [[asymptotic freedom]] in [[quantum chromodynamics]], partons were matched to quarks and gluons. The parton model remains a justifiable approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the years{{how|date=December 2016}}.
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It was recognized{{when|date=December 2016}} that partons describe the same objects now more commonly referred to as [[quark]]s and [[gluon]]s. A more detailed presentation of the properties and physical theories pertaining indirectly to partons can be found under [[quark]]s.
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== Parton distribution functions ==
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[[File:CTEQ6 parton distribution functions.png|thumb|250px|The ''CTEQ6'' parton distribution functions in the {{overline|MS}} renormalization scheme and ''Q''&nbsp;= 2&nbsp;GeV for gluons (red), up (green), down (blue), and strange (violet) quarks. Plotted is the product of longitudinal momentum fraction ''x'' and the distribution functions ''f'' versus ''x''.]]
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A parton distribution function (PDF) within so called ''collinear factorization'' is defined as the [[probability amplitude|probability density]] for finding a particle with a certain longitudinal momentum fraction ''x'' at resolution scale ''Q''<sup>2</sup>. Because of the inherent [[non-perturbative]] nature of partons which cannot be observed as free particles, parton densities cannot be calculated using perturbative QCD. Within QCD one can, however, study variation of parton density with resolution scale provided by external probe. Such a scale is for instance provided by a [[virtual particle|virtual photon]] with virtuality ''Q''<sup>2</sup> or by a [[Jet (particle physics)|jet]]. The scale can be calculated from the energy and the momentum of the virtual photon or jet; the larger the momentum and energy, the smaller the resolution scale—this is a consequence of Heisenberg's [[uncertainty principle]]. The variation of parton density with resolution scale has been found to agree well with experiment;<ref>'''PDG''': Aschenauer, Thorne,  and  Yoshida, (2019). "Structure Functions", [http://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-structure-functions.pdf  online].  </ref> this is an important test of QCD.
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Parton distribution functions are obtained by fitting observables to experimental data; they cannot be calculated using perturbative QCD. Recently, it has been found that they can be calculated directly in [[lattice QCD]] using large-momentum effective field theory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ji|first=Xiangdong|date=2013-06-26|title=Parton Physics on a Euclidean Lattice|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=26|pages=262002|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.262002|pmid=23848864|arxiv=1305.1539|bibcode=2013PhRvL.110z2002J|s2cid=27248761}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ji|first=Xiangdong|date=2014-05-07|title=Parton physics from large-momentum effective field theory|journal=Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy|language=en|volume=57|issue=7|pages=1407–1412|doi=10.1007/s11433-014-5492-3|issn=1674-7348|arxiv=1404.6680|bibcode=2014SCPMA..57.1407J|s2cid=119208297}}</ref>
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Experimentally determined parton distribution functions are available from various groups worldwide. The major unpolarized data sets are:
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* [http://mail.ihep.ru/~alekhin/pdfs.html ''ABM''] by S. Alekhin, J. Bluemlein, S. Moch
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*''[http://www.cteq.org/#PDFs CTEQ]'', from the CTEQ Collaboration
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* [http://doom.physik.tu-dortmund.de/pdfserver/index.html ''GRV/GJR''], from M. Glück,  P. Jimenez-Delgado, E. Reya, and A. Vogt
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* [https://www.desy.de/h1zeus/combined_results/index.php?do=proton_structure ''HERA''] PDFs, by H1 and ZEUS collaborations from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron center (DESY) in Germany
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* [http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/mmht/ MSHT/MRST/MSTW/MMHT], from [[Alan Martin (physicist)|A. D. Martin]], R. G. Roberts, W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne, and collaborators
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* [http://nnpdf.hepforge.org/ ''NNPDF''], from the NNPDF Collaboration
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The [http://lhapdf.hepforge.org/ ''LHAPDF''] <ref>
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{{cite arxiv
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|last1=Whalley |first1=M. R.
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|last2=Bourilkov |first2=D
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|last3=Group |first3=R. C.
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|year=2005
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|title=The Les Houches accord PDFs (LHAPDF) and LHAGLUE
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|eprint=hep-ph/0508110
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}}</ref> library provides a unified and easy-to-use [[Fortran]]/[[C++]] interface to all major PDF sets.
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''Generalized parton distributions'' (GPDs) are a more recent approach to better understand [[hadron]] structure by representing the parton distributions as functions of more variables, such as the transverse momentum and [[Spin (physics)|spin]] of the parton.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Phys. Rev. D| volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages= 567–569 | year= 1984 | title= Spin structure of the nucleon | doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.29.567 | author1 = DJE Callaway | author2 = SD Ellis | s2cid = 15798912 | bibcode = 1984PhRvD..29..567C}}</ref> They can be used to study the spin structure of the proton, in particular, the Ji sum rule relates the integral of GPDs to angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ji|first=Xiangdong|date=1997-01-27|title=Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=78|issue=4|pages=610–613|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.610|arxiv=hep-ph/9603249|bibcode=1997PhRvL..78..610J|s2cid=15573151}}</ref> Early names included "non-forward", "non-diagonal" or "skewed" parton distributions. They are accessed through a new class of exclusive processes for which all particles are detected in the final state, such as the deeply virtual Compton scattering.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ji|first=Xiangdong|date=1997-06-01|title=Deeply virtual Compton scattering|journal=Physical Review D|volume=55|issue=11|pages=7114–7125|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7114|bibcode=1997PhRvD..55.7114J|arxiv=hep-ph/9609381|s2cid=1975588}}</ref> Ordinary parton distribution functions are recovered by setting to zero (forward limit) the extra variables in the generalized parton distributions. Other rules show that the [[electric form factor]], the [[magnetic form factor]], or even the form factors associated to the energy-momentum tensor are also included in the GPDs. A full 3-dimensional image of partons inside hadrons can also be obtained from GPDs.<ref>
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{{cite journal
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|last1=Belitsky |first1=A. V.
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|last2=Radyushkin |first2=A. V.
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|year=2005
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|title=Unraveling hadron structure with generalized parton distributions
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|journal=[[Physics Reports]]
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|volume=418 |issue=1–6
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|pages=1–387
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|arxiv=hep-ph/0504030
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|bibcode=2005PhR...418....1B
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|doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2005.06.002
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|s2cid=119469719
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}}</ref>
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==Simulation==
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Parton showers simulations are of use in [[computational particle physics]] either in [[automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay]] or [[event generators]], and are particularly important in LHC phenomenology, where they are usually explored using Monte Carlo simulation. The scale at which partons are given to hadronization is fixed by the Shower Monte Carlo program. Common choices of Shower Monte Carlo are [[PYTHIA]] and HERWIG.<ref>Johan Alwall, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140114023830/http://phys.cts.ntu.edu.tw/workshop/2012/1010525LHC/PDF/LEC2.pdf Complete simulation of collider events], pg 33. NTU MadGraph school, May 25–27, 2012.</ref><ref>M Moretti.[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:LVQ_MpmPgdsJ:www1b.physik.rwth-aachen.de/~kolleg/fileadmin/data/gk/de/veranstaltungen/moretti.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiJijmZ58A4afChs_OhQWmJn5dPP-MGV0RRl9gv33DIq0yxt7E7QkOO37FtiTnIUnzNMZd9D_xyjlFTnlYmyZwFm907Qwm6L7khQFRG5MUu_gLH5xQl4nNk_YSoLXPqdZPP-1pP&sig=AHIEtbR6MMStdsy0OMF7ZihtTJBHTJs0SA Understunding events at the LHC: Parton Showers and Matrix Element tools for physics simulation at the hadronic colliders], p. 19. 28/11/2006.</ref>
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==See also==
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* [[Hadronization]]
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* [[Jet (particle physics)]]
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* [[Particle shower]]
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== References ==
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{{reflist|25em}}
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This article contains material from Scholarpedia.
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==Further reading==
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*{{cite journal
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|last1=Glück |first1=M.
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|last2=Reya |first2=E.
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|last3=Vogt |first3=A.
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|year=1998
 +
|journal=[[European Physical Journal C]]
 +
|title=Dynamical Parton Distributions Revisited
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|volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=461–470
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|arxiv=hep-ph/9806404
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|bibcode=1998EPJC....5..461G
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|doi=10.1007/s100529800978
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|s2cid=119842774
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}}
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*{{cite web
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|last=Hoodbhoy | first =P. A.
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|year=2006
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|title=Generalized Parton Distributions
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|url=http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/12th_rgdocs/Pervez-Hoodbhoy.pdf
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|publisher=[[National Center for Physics]] and [[Quaid-e-Azam University]]
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|access-date=2011-04-06
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}}
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*{{cite journal
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|last=Ji
 +
|first=X.
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|year=2004
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|title=Generalized Parton Distributions
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|journal=[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]
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|volume=54
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|pages=413–450
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|bibcode=2004ARNPS..54..413J
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|doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181302 | doi-access=free
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|arxiv=hep-ph/9807358}}
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*{{cite journal
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|last1=Kretzer |first1=S.
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|last2=Lai |first2=H.
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|last3=Olness |first3=F.
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|last4=Tung |first4=W.
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|year=2004
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|title=CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects
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|journal=[[Physical Review D]]
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|volume=69 |issue=11 |page=114005
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|arxiv=hep-ph/0307022
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|bibcode=2004PhRvD..69k4005K
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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005
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|s2cid=119379329
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}}
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*{{cite journal
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|last1=Martin |first1=A. D.
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|last2=Roberts |first2=R. G.
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|last3=Stirling |first3=W. J.
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|last4=Thorne |first4=R. S.
 +
|year=2005
 +
|title=Parton distributions incorporating QED contributions
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|journal=[[European Physical Journal C]]
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|volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=155–161
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|arxiv=hep-ph/0411040
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|bibcode=2005EPJC...39..155M
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|doi=10.1140/epjc/s2004-02088-7
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|s2cid=14743824
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}}
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==External links==
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{{toomanylinks|date=July 2020}}
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* [http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/pdf.html Parton distribution functions] &ndash; from [http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/pdf.html HEPDATA: The Durham HEP Databases]
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* [http://hep.pa.msu.edu/cteq/public/cteq6.html CTEQ6 parton distribution functions]
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* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:AWqGr4WO6twJ:www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/~mschoenherr/talks/20121121_CERN.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjB8DagVzodcwxJVD0XE_5CrTkt4kZPk_zwnt7lOsxDMy9sPoSczl6zt1r9zxQwso5-piTWESlw_dOxHYM5QTLBZAD7zFJzxUzu1dfSe0aDSC8Ld0hq4tU2TqVW2SwxdJ4kKox6&sig=AHIEtbQq3w5dzV3Dy7JWNE5xDhThkCKd9Q Electroweak radiation in parton showers]
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* http://home.fnal.gov/~mrenna/lutp0613man2/node22.html
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* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xIc1VR3m1i8J:www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory/webber/MCnet/MClecture2.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj8yjHM5i6G2jXizVSX2umPLLdGX3BtYZQJeImPc3WqmqfSFjbJUIcvvGKdyOvZNbV7b0hoCY3G9tkvRKNR3ggPy0l9B49ABofLpk1Y75jN_Dbats1kitAHLl2WYwlShv5hGm0z&sig=AHIEtbQj3NfqnF0OYou0K0Ba7nnAFy-Dtw Event Generator Physics] (http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory/webber/MCnet/MClecture2.pdf)
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* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:yVb7erYPCX8J:home.fnal.gov/~skands/slides/uwm06.ppt+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjSLpMkR3NcPgXZlCU4R9dOBlKIklZFuLTmnL6ciJOfaCVDuH65nHA9jb0jaOrZwbm5uuxCImkFT7c6kkXiykSkrGBx7xm-KSG2Mf2bWbD3OV34KZyBYW3rDZb0kfkM9b0zZu-m&sig=AHIEtbRYp2mMptgxQRkv01GVSwCo-1920A Frontiers of Chromodynamics]
 +
* http://www.phys.ethz.ch/~pheno/QCDcourse/
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* http://www.physnet.uni-hamburg.de/services/fachinfo/___Volltexte/Sebastian___Schmidt/Sebastian___Schmidt.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 +
* http://hep.ps.uci.edu/~wclhc07/LOShowers.pdf
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* http://www.kceta.kit.edu/grk1694/img/2013_10_01_Hangst.pdf
 +
* https://books.google.com/books?id=EAAHQ9XsEyQC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=parton+shower#v=onepage&q=parton%20shower&f=false page 47
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* [https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=cr&ei=5Ge8Us_1D5SZ0QXY9YAI#q=parton+shower Google search for 'parton shower']
 +
* http://www.nikhef.nl/pub/theory/masters-theses/bart_verouden.pdf
 +
* http://www.pa.msu.edu/~huston/tev4lhc/skands.pdf
 +
* http://d-nb.info/1008230227/34
 +
* http://www.rhul.ac.uk/physics/documents/pdf/events/particlephysicsseminars/10-11/ppseminprichardson250511.pdf
 +
* http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/62649
 +
* http://www2.ph.ed.ac.uk/particle/Theory/seminars_12/andersen.pdf
 +
* http://rchep.pku.edu.cn/filespath/files/20131202113805.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 +
* http://particle-theory.group.shef.ac.uk/si2008/participant_talks/Latunde-Dada.pdf
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* http://www.science.uva.nl/onderwijs/thesis/centraal/files/f935119543.pdf
 +
* http://www.science.uva.nl/onderwijs/thesis/centraal/files/f1299590863.pdf
 +
 
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{{Richard Feynman}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Parton (Particle Physics)}}
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[[Category:Particle physics]]
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[[Category:Quantum chromodynamics]]
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[[Category:Richard Feynman]]

Latest revision as of 08:06, 10 May 2021

Template:Short description In particle physics, the parton model is a model of hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, proposed by Richard Feynman. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a parton shower) produced from QCD processes and interactions in high-energy particle collisions.

Model

File:Parton scattering.PNG
The scattering particle only sees the valence partons. At higher energies, the scattering particles also detects the sea partons.

Parton showers are simulated extensively in Monte Carlo event generators, in order to calibrate and interpret (and thus understand) processes in collider experiments.<ref>Davison E. Soper, The physics of parton showers. Accessed 17 Nov 2013.</ref> As such, the name is also used to refer to algorithms that approximate or simulate the process.

Motivation

The parton model was proposed by Richard Feynman in 1969 as a way to analyze high-energy hadron collisions.<ref name="feynman"> Template:Cite conference</ref> Any hadron (for example, a proton) can be considered as a composition of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons". The parton model was immediately applied to electron-proton deep inelastic scattering by Bjorken and Paschos.<ref name="bjorken"> Template:Cite journal</ref>

Component particles

A hadron is composed of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons". Later, with the experimental observation of Bjorken scaling, the validation of the quark model, and the confirmation of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics, partons were matched to quarks and gluons. The parton model remains a justifiable approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the years.Template:Who

Just as accelerated electric charges emit QED radiation (photons), the accelerated coloured partons will emit QCD radiation in the form of gluons. Unlike the uncharged photons, the gluons themselves carry colour charges and can therefore emit further radiation, leading to parton showers.<ref>Bryan Webber (2011). Parton shower Monte Carlo event generators. Scholarpedia, 6(12):10662., revision #128236.

May 4th – 8th 2009.</ref><ref>*Phenomenology at collider experiments. Part 5: MC generators Template:Webarchive, Frank Krauss. HEP Summer School 31.8.-12.9.2008, RAL.</ref>

Reference frame

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The hadron is defined in a reference frame where it has infinite momentum—a valid approximation at high energies. Thus, parton motion is slowed by time dilation, and the hadron charge distribution is Lorentz-contracted, so incoming particles will be scattered "instantaneously and incoherently".Template:Cn

Partons are defined with respect to a physical scale (as probed by the inverse of the momentum transfer).Template:Clarify For instance, a quark parton at one length scale can turn out to be a superposition of a quark parton state with a quark parton and a gluon parton state together with other states with more partons at a smaller length scale. Similarly, a gluon parton at one scale can resolve into a superposition of a gluon parton state, a gluon parton and quark-antiquark partons state and other multiparton states. Because of this, the number of partons in a hadron actually goes up with momentum transfer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At low energies (i.e. large length scales), a baryon contains three valence partons (quarks) and a meson contains two valence partons (a quark and an antiquark parton). At higher energies, however, observations show sea partons (nonvalence partons) in addition to valence partons.<ref name="DrellYan"> Template:Cite journal

And erratum in Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

The parton model was proposed by Richard Feynman in 1969, used originally for analysis of high-energy collisions.<ref name="feynman" /> It was applied to electron/proton deep inelastic scattering by Bjorken and Paschos.<ref name="bjorken" /> Later, with the experimental observation of Bjorken scaling, the validation of the quark model, and the confirmation of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics, partons were matched to quarks and gluons. The parton model remains a justifiable approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the yearsTemplate:How.

It was recognizedTemplate:When that partons describe the same objects now more commonly referred to as quarks and gluons. A more detailed presentation of the properties and physical theories pertaining indirectly to partons can be found under quarks.

Parton distribution functions

File:CTEQ6 parton distribution functions.png
The CTEQ6 parton distribution functions in the Template:Overline renormalization scheme and Q = 2 GeV for gluons (red), up (green), down (blue), and strange (violet) quarks. Plotted is the product of longitudinal momentum fraction x and the distribution functions f versus x.

A parton distribution function (PDF) within so called collinear factorization is defined as the probability density for finding a particle with a certain longitudinal momentum fraction x at resolution scale Q2. Because of the inherent non-perturbative nature of partons which cannot be observed as free particles, parton densities cannot be calculated using perturbative QCD. Within QCD one can, however, study variation of parton density with resolution scale provided by external probe. Such a scale is for instance provided by a virtual photon with virtuality Q2 or by a jet. The scale can be calculated from the energy and the momentum of the virtual photon or jet; the larger the momentum and energy, the smaller the resolution scale—this is a consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The variation of parton density with resolution scale has been found to agree well with experiment;<ref>PDG: Aschenauer, Thorne, and Yoshida, (2019). "Structure Functions", online. </ref> this is an important test of QCD.

Parton distribution functions are obtained by fitting observables to experimental data; they cannot be calculated using perturbative QCD. Recently, it has been found that they can be calculated directly in lattice QCD using large-momentum effective field theory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Experimentally determined parton distribution functions are available from various groups worldwide. The major unpolarized data sets are:

  • ABM by S. Alekhin, J. Bluemlein, S. Moch
  • CTEQ, from the CTEQ Collaboration
  • GRV/GJR, from M. Glück, P. Jimenez-Delgado, E. Reya, and A. Vogt
  • HERA PDFs, by H1 and ZEUS collaborations from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron center (DESY) in Germany
  • MSHT/MRST/MSTW/MMHT, from A. D. Martin, R. G. Roberts, W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne, and collaborators
  • NNPDF, from the NNPDF Collaboration

The LHAPDF <ref> Template:Cite arxiv</ref> library provides a unified and easy-to-use Fortran/C++ interface to all major PDF sets.

Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) are a more recent approach to better understand hadron structure by representing the parton distributions as functions of more variables, such as the transverse momentum and spin of the parton.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They can be used to study the spin structure of the proton, in particular, the Ji sum rule relates the integral of GPDs to angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Early names included "non-forward", "non-diagonal" or "skewed" parton distributions. They are accessed through a new class of exclusive processes for which all particles are detected in the final state, such as the deeply virtual Compton scattering.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ordinary parton distribution functions are recovered by setting to zero (forward limit) the extra variables in the generalized parton distributions. Other rules show that the electric form factor, the magnetic form factor, or even the form factors associated to the energy-momentum tensor are also included in the GPDs. A full 3-dimensional image of partons inside hadrons can also be obtained from GPDs.<ref> Template:Cite journal</ref>

Simulation

Parton showers simulations are of use in computational particle physics either in automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay or event generators, and are particularly important in LHC phenomenology, where they are usually explored using Monte Carlo simulation. The scale at which partons are given to hadronization is fixed by the Shower Monte Carlo program. Common choices of Shower Monte Carlo are PYTHIA and HERWIG.<ref>Johan Alwall, Complete simulation of collider events, pg 33. NTU MadGraph school, May 25–27, 2012.</ref><ref>M Moretti.Understunding events at the LHC: Parton Showers and Matrix Element tools for physics simulation at the hadronic colliders, p. 19. 28/11/2006.</ref>

See also

References

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This article contains material from Scholarpedia.

Further reading

External links

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Template:Richard Feynman

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