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...pothetical [[phase (matter)|phases]] of matter whose [[degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] include [[quark]]s and [[gluon]]s, of w In the [[standard model]] of particle physics, the [[strong interaction|strong force]] is described by the theory of [[qu

In [[physics]], '''lattice gauge theory''' is the study of [[Gauge theory|gauge theories ...[[quantum electrodynamics]], [[quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD) and particle physics' [[Standard Model]]. [[Non-perturbative]] gauge theory calculations in cont

...e exists because the amount of energy available is high enough that matter particle ([[quark]]–[[antiquark]]) pairs can be spontaneously pulled from vacuum. ...n produce new fireballs, and the ejected particles can then be detected by particle detectors. This [[QCD matter|quark matter]] has been detected in heavy-ion

{{short description|Model in particle physics}} ...shower''') produced from [[QCD]] processes and interactions in high-energy particle collisions.

...5d0| s2cid = 4072220 }}</ref> for which he received the [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics in 1970. ...c system, a closure approximation must be applied to highest moment of the particle distribution equation. This is often accomplished with approximations to t

...location= Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher= Springer|series= Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP, vol. 660)| isbn= 978-3-540-22684-0|doi= 10.1007/b98103}} [https://arc ...[[Ludwig Boltzmann]] in 1872.<ref name="Encyclopaediaof">Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), [[Rita G. Lerner|R. G. Lerner]], G. L. Trigg, VHC publishers

...ributed to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave–particle_duality wave-particle duality] of the beam, and the results of a given experiment depend on wheth ...e in Physics]] "for his contribution to the quantum theory of [[Coherence (physics)|optical coherence]]".]]

...ss Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions|journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science|language=en|volume=50|issue=1|pages=299–342|doi=10.1146/annurev.n ...density]]. Scientists achieve this using [[Relativistic nuclear collisions|particle collisions]] at extremely high speeds, where the energy released in the col

{{Redirect|Charm (physics)||Charm (disambiguation)#Science and technology}} {{Infobox Particle

...from these collisions. Collisions of [[ultra-relativistic]] [[heavy-ion]] particle beams create a hot and dense medium comparable to the conditions in the [[e ==Physics background==